A laboratory and field study of the attenuation of sound intensity using a whistle as the sonic generator

This study investigated the attenuation of sound intensity using a whistle as the sonic generator along with the detailed analysis of all the previous studies. Attenuation of sound in air studies were performed in Otto H. York Center for Environmental Engineering and Science at New Jersey Institute of Technology. Sound attenuation through air was measured by doubling the distance for each of five whistles. It was concluded that Whistle No.5 gives the highest sound intensity of 140.54 dB at a distance of 0.75 ft , the closest distance used for measurement, at a air flow rate of 7.5 SCFM. These data were extrapolated to within one-inch of the whistle and the sound intensity at this distance was about an average of 160.7 dB. The data of sound intensity in decibels versus distance in feet were curve fit using the best-fit curve, Power Equation. It was also concluded that a single whistle produces high sound intensities in comparison to the combination of two whistles.This study investigates the recommendations of previous studies for re-conducting the attenuation of sound focused in an artificial fracture. Previous studies by Zarnetske and Godde recommended that the Bootwala, 2000 field study should be re-conducted with the position of the microphone directed into the fracture using Whistle No. 5. This study has developed the complete procedure and methodology to conduct the above studies in the field. Previous studies should be expanded to give more knowledge from controlled laboratory tests. The work should be expanded to include soil, in addition, to the porous rock slab

Impacts of Climate Change and Land-use Change on the Water Resources of the Upper Kharun Catchment, Chhattisgarh, India

The Upper Kharun Catchment (UKC) is one of the most important, economically sound and highly populated watersheds of Chhattisgarh state in India. It covers diverse land use types: urban, rural, agricultural, forest and industrial areas. The study area is a part of the newly formed state, which was established in 2000 and is characterized by considerable population growth and expansion of urban areas, industrialization, and irrigation areas and facilities for meeting the increasing food demand. Furthermore, the government has planned the formation of the new capital city. The planning unit is partly in the study area, and hence there is an urgent need to estimate the impact of future land use change on the water resources of UKC, and to consider whether and to which degree the intensification of irrigated agriculture is putting the groundwater resources of the UKC at risk of over-exploitation that might lead to a major water crisis in near future. Climate change is likely to severely affect the surface and groundwater resources due to changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration and their spatio-temporal distribution. The impact of future climate change may be felt more severely in the study area, which is already under stress due to the current population increase and associated demands for energy, freshwater and food. In spite of the uncertainties about the precise magnitude of climate change and its possible impacts, particularly on regional scales, measures must be taken to anticipate, mitigate and/or adapt to its adverse effects on surface and ground-water availability. There is no research documented in literature related to climate change and land use change impacts on water resources of the UKC. Hence, an attempt is made to overcome these shortcomings and to run the model SWAT with high resolution input data taking irrigation issues relevant in the UKC explicitly into account. For this purpose, the climate scenarios of the PRECIS regional climate model were bias corrected to station level, and land use maps of 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 were prepared with details of surface and groundwater-irrigated areas. The results of the study provide the base for framing strategies for water resource management in the study area. The main findings show that the overall rainfall trend for the UKC increased at a rate of 1.94 mm per annum at p=0.033 level of significance from 1961-2011. No statistically significant change in rainfall in the month of peak rainfall was observed. Mid July remains the period of peak rainfall over the years (1961-2011). There was no significant trend for mean annual temperature. However, slight increase in temperature was detected in specific months. The bias-corrected PRECIS RCM scenarios show an increasing trend for both mean annual rainfall and temperature (except for the q0 and q1 scenarios for the 2020s, where there is a decrease in annual rainfall compared to the baseline). The mean monthly rainfall increases for all scenarios, except for the month of June, where a significant decrease in rainfall is predicted. The main land use change pattern between 1991 and 2011 shows a significant increase in urban areas by 4.67%, decrease in wasteland by 3.76%, increase in area under two-season crops by 5.43 %, while 5.67% of the area is under more than two-season crops with paddy as a summer crop. The two and more than two-season crops are irrigated by groundwater sources. The land use scenario of 2021 shows a further increase in built-up area by 2.6% compared to 2011. Also, the groundwater-irrigated area with two-season crops is expected to increase by 24.25% and the area with more than two-season crops with summer paddy by 12.57%, which indicates an excessive increase in groundwater irrigation for some villages in the UKC and unsustainable use of the precious groundwater resources. On the UKC scale, the impact of land use change on different water balance components is small. There is a decreasing trend of annual discharge, water yield and groundwater contribution to streamflow, and an increasing trend of annual surface runoff and actual evapotranspiration over the decades. The impact on water resources is significant and clearly visible at sub-catchment level, where an increasing trend for urban areas can be observed. Based on the bias-corrected climate scenarios q0, q1 and q14, changes in the main water balance components were simulated with the SWAT model. The simulated annual discharge for the 2020s ranged between 25.9% decrease to 23.6% increase depending on the PRECIS scenario. For the 2050s, discharged ranges between 17.6% decrease to 39.4% increase, and for the 2080s an increase in the range of 16.3% to 63.7% is simulated. The annual surface runoff for the 2020s ranges between 28.8% decrease to 26.8% increase. For the 2050s, predictions vary between 17.9% decrease to 44.1% increase, whereas for the 2080s an increase in the range of 19.5% to 69.6% is expected. The annual percolation for the 2020s is estimated to range between 12.8% decrease to 8.7% increase. Predictions for the 2050s range between 10.3% decrease to 15.4% increase, and for the 2080s between 0.3% decrease and 13.7% increase. The annual groundwater contribution to streamflow for the 2020s is expected in the range of 7.0% decrease to 14.7% increase. Predictions for the 2050s range from 13.3% decrease to 64.7% increase, and for the 2080s between 10.4% decrease and 59.1% increase. Scenario Q1 shows a decrease in annual groundwater quantity in all time steps

Maximal area integral problem for certain class of univalent analytic functions

One of the classical problems concerns the class of analytic functions $f$ on the open unit disk $|z|<1$ which have finite Dirichlet integral $\Delta(1,f)$, where $$\Delta(r,f)=\iint_{|z|<r}|f'(z)|^2 \, dxdy \quad (0<r\leq 1).$$ The class ${\mathcal S}^*(A,B)$ of normalized functions $f$ analytic in $|z|<1$ and satisfies the subordination condition $zf'(z)/f(z)\prec (1+Az)/(1+Bz)$ in $|z|<1$ and for some $-1\leq B\leq 0$, $A\in {\mathbb C}$ with $A\neq B$, has been studied extensively. In this paper, we solve the extremal problem of determining the value of $$\max_{f\in {\mathcal S}^*(A,B)}\Delta(r,z/f)$$ as a function of $r$. This settles the question raised by Ponnusamy and Wirths in [11]. One of the particular cases includes solution to a conjecture of Yamashita which was settled recently by Obradovi\'{c} et. al [9].Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 3 table

Watermarking using decimal sequences

This thesis introduces the use of decimal sequences in watermarking to hide information for authentication. The underlying system is based on code division multiple access (CDMA), which is a form of spread spectrum communication. Different algorithms for the use of decimal sequences have been formulated for use in black and white images. The watermark is spread across the carrier image by using the d- sequences of optimal period and retrieval is made by the use of correlation. Matlab version 6.5 was used to implement the algorithms discussed in this thesis. The advantage of using d-sequences over PN sequences is that one can choose from a variety of prime numbers which provides a more flexible system. Different methods for adding the random sequence to the image were investigated and results for random shifts and cyclic shifts have also been discussed

Opinions of children regarding their needs and use for children library: user expectation survey in Varanasi

Purpose- The vital part of society that decides how the world will be after some years is ‘child’. Child care and nurturing become the focus point for any society. Due to lack of money, they are deprived of good education and other basic facilities of life. In India, rural community faces more problems in delivering proper education and basic facilities to the children than urban one. If we can make good changes in a child’s life, then eventually it will help in shaping a better world in future. Libraries can help in shaping a better future for a child. Children libraries not only support the basic education but also extracurricular activities for the overall development of the child. In the light of changing information and communication technology, children libraries should also need to change their policies and strategies. This paper aims at bringing the expectations from children about children libraries in terms of infrastructure, library hours, information source, events etc. Methodology- To get the expectation of children, a survey is done with the help of questionnaire on 150 children in the vicinity of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Convenience sampling is done to get primary data. Percentage method is used for data representation and analysis. Research limitations- This research is limited to the children residing in the vicinity of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The data is collected from the children having less than 18 years of age. Practical Implications- This survey will be helpful for revising the public library guidelines for children. It will promote to set a national platform for children libraries. This research will help in designing learning commons for the children. It will also help the library authorities in framing collection development policy for children libraries. Furthermore, it will help children librarian to acquire and disseminate information according to children’s needs. Findings- Children are in support for the technological advancement in the children library. They have diverse nature and needs to approach their information need. Further, the need of library learning commons is quite important in the present scenario of Varanasi children. Originality- The paper is the first research of its kind in terms of its scope and coverage. It presents the original information about expectations of children about children library in Varanasi, India

A Concept of Digital Scent/Smell Technology: An Underrated Technology

Innovation has till date have the capacity to utilize our feeling of site and sound effectively in conveying virtual reality and closer to reality. Thusly you have practical looking diversions, and realistic cards that are fit for rendering them; mice that let you encounter the territory you are crossing, regardless of whether in an application, on the web, or on a CD-ROM; and sound and music, because of MP3 and so forth, which bring alive your involvement in the virtual world. Virtual reality has, since the beginning a very long while prior, been ruled by visual jolts, with material and sound-related data research and added to the sense in the last years

Study of Different Images in Digital image Processing to Make a Coin Recoginition System

The advanced picture preparing manages building up a computerized framework to performs tests and activities on a computerized picture with the utilization of PC calculations. A picture is just a 2D numerical capacity f(x,y) where x and y are two on a level plane and vertically co-ordinates. Money acknowledgment is a standout amongst the most essential uses of picture handling. The cash acknowledgment framework is utilized as a part of numerous situations, for example, bank, business firms, railroads, shopping centers, departmental stores, government association, and so forth. Be that as it may, acknowledgment is done significantly utilizing equipment gadget. Additionally regular man can't think that its achievable to utilize it as equipment. So there is a need to automate the human push to perceive the cash. Think about the case of a bank; it needs to perceive the section from time to time they utilize the gadget which comprise of bright light .The financier keeps the money note on the gadget and endeavor to discover whether the watermark image, serial number and some different qualities of the notes are appropriate to get the category and check its credibility. This expands crafted by the broker. Rather if the financier utilizes the framework and mechanizes his work, the outcome will be considerably more exact. Same is the situation with regions, for example, shopping centers, speculation firms where such frameworks can be utilized. So there is expected to make less demanding approach to perceive the money notes

The Combined Effect of Chemical reaction, Radiation, MHD on Mixed Convection Heat and Mass Transfer Along a Vertical Moving Surface

This paper discusses the effect of Chemical reaction, Radiation and MHD on laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow and heat and mass transfer on continuously moving vertical surface. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as an inverse linear function of temperature and local similarity solutions are obtained for the boundary layer equations subject to isothermally moving vertical surface with uniform speed. The system of non-linear partial differential equations developed in the process is finally transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations involved in the problem. This set of equations is for different values of the various parameters. The results showing the effect of physical parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration have been computed and presented graphically to discuss their in details

Uncoupled thermoelastic analysis for a thick cylinder with radiation

AbstractAn attempt has been made to study the uncoupled thermoelastic response of thick cylinder of length 2h in which heat sources are generated according to the linear function of the temperature, with boundary conditions of the radiation type. This approach is based upon integral transform techniques, to find out the thermoelastic solution. The results are obtained in terms of Bessel functions in the form of infinite series